However, the literature is still lacking with regard to long-term outcomes with these systems. In the past several years, reports have cataloged early results that show the robotic systems are associated with equivalent accuracy and decreased radiation exposure compared with other methods of screw placement. Robotic systems must provide a degree of accuracy comparable to that of already-established methods of screw placement, including free-hand, fluoroscopically assisted, and computed tomography–assisted screw placement. There is little margin for error with pedicle screw placement, because screw malposition may lead to serious complications, such as neurologic or vascular injury. ![]() Surgical procedures involving the spine often require fixation via pedicle screw placement, which is a task that may be augmented by the use of robotic technology. The use of robotic systems in the field of spine surgery has recently begun to be explored. Fields such as general surgery, urology, and gynecology have widely adopted robotic surgery as part of everyday practice. ![]() ![]() The use of robotic systems to aid in surgical procedures has greatly increased over the past decade. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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